Biggie Smalls Is the Illest

Authenticity defines what is ‘real’ and what is not. Having ones own genuine, homegrown swagger and to then continue to maintain that strut as ones career (or life in general) carries on. The most prominent aspect to being authentic is having the courage to design entirely new, different and altered concepts and bring them into the mainstream, or at the very least attempt to do so. Turn the page to 19990’s hip-hop. The Rock N’ Roll era was over and it was time for a new genre to takeover. The 90’s contained so much diversity in it’s sound to the point where it started a phenomenon; the rap game.Within this frenzy of shootings, gang pride, and territorial disputes came one of the greatest hip hop artists to ever live. His sound had a Jamaican ring to it, thanks to his mother who was a Jamaican native. His deep ‘uh-n’s in his tracks were so organic that it was good enough to get his name out throughout Jamaica Queens, NY and then ev entually to the desk of P. Diddy. Diddy is often recognized as the ‘founding father’ of the Notorious B. I. G. When the 90’s reached their midpoint, Biggie Smalls and Diddy had created an empire which they called Bad Boy records.As both their business senses grew keener, so did the killer instinct of the west coast rap artists. Unfortunately, so much hype was surfaced in the media pertaining to the differences between East Coast style and West Coast style, so much that the murder rates were skyrocketing in major cities†¦and nobody saw an end in sight. The media brought the two most prominent figures into question; Christopher Wallace and Tupac Shakur. Now, there is a theory of a ‘beef’ between these two rappers that happened one night but it will take much too long to explain.In the end, Christopher Wallace was shot while visiting California, doing a tour on the West Coast. From there it’s all history. Christopher â€Å"Biggie Smallsâ₠¬  Wallace left his ginormous Timberland boot-print on hip hop forever. His audacity lead him to create a whole new sound in hip hop, a sound that made people bump and dance to in the NY clubs. No body wanted to listen to Ice Cube or Dr. Dre bellow about crack rocks and cutting people. Sure, Biggie has drug and weapon references, but that’s hip hop.That is how it has always been, and Biggie changed the face of rap by his unique talents and finding his own authentic sound. Brooklyn stand up. â€Å"To protect my position, my corner, my layer While we out here, say the hustlas prayer If the game shakes me or breaks me I hope it makes me a better man Take a better stand Put money in my moms hand Get my daughter this college plan, so she don't need no man Stay far from timid Only make moves when ya heart's-in-it And live the phrase Sky's The Limit† The Notorious B. I. G. â€Å"Sky’s The Limit† featuring 112 Life After Death (Disc 2) (1997)

Hamlet Ghost Appearances

Structured Notebook # 2 2. Analyze the three appearances of the ghost seen in the play. Where did he appear: To whom did he appear? How does the third appearance differ from the first two? What was the significance in this? The appearances of the ghost were both eerie and informing in the book â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare. The three appearances made by the ghost were to be seen and acknowledged, give hamlet his message of revenge, and to remind Hamlet of his duty. First the ghost appeared to be seen and acknowledged.The guards have seen the ghost outside and invited Horatio to see it for himself. They told people it was the old king of Denmark’s ghost. Which was hamlet’s Father. Horatio is one of Hamlet’s friend and also skeptical about there actually being a ghost. But not long after he joined the guards that night he saw the ghost appear. Marcellus, one of the guards, said, â€Å"Thou art a scholar; speak to it, Horatio. † Horatio tried to make it speak but it quickly left. Horatio rushed to go tell Hamlet.Secondly, the ghost appeared to give his message to Hamlet. When Hamlet first saw his father ghost in the courtyard, the ghost wanted him to follow him. The guards warned him the ghost might lead him to his death. But Hamlet was quick to respond that he had no longer wished living for his mother had married his uncle in a matter of weeks after his father’s death. He already felt devastated and betrayed. When the ghost finally spoke to Hamlet, it told him that he was killed out by his garden by his brother Claudius. Who was now king.He tells hamlet to avenge him by killing Claudius but sparing his mother Gertrude and leaving her for God’s judgment. Hamlet vows revenge for his father and sets off on his plan. Thirdly, after the play that was supposed to imitate the killing of his father by Claudius, Hamlet was seeking his mother because she had wanted to talk to him. It was actually a plan made by Claud ius and Polonius for him to give his mother answers about his weird behavior. On his way he saw Claudius praying in the chapel. He wanted to kill him but didn’t because he thought ince he prayed he would go to heaven. He would have to wait till he sinned. When he got to his mother he found Polonius hiding and killed him. He was yelling at her about Claudius not comparing to his father at all and how he was the lowest of low and the ghost appeared again. He told Hamlet to not forget what he was supposed to be doing. Which was killing Claudius. Not bashing his mom and killing Polonius and wasting time. He listens to his father’s ghost, although his mother did not see the ghost, and takes off.He grabs Polonius body to hide it and goes on with his plan. In conclusion, the three appearances by the ghost were made to be seen and acknowledged, give Hamlet his message of revenge, and to remind Hamlet of his duty. William Shakespeare has been a famous author of writing tragedie s like this one here. His writing about the appearance of a ghost gives more life to his writings. The appearances were very interesting, spooky, and a main part in how this writing was achieved.

Bill Gates: a Man of Magnitude

Bill Gates: Man of Magnitude A man of magnitude is someone who has made an impact on society and has done something or created something for the greater good of the country or world. I think what best describes a great man, or woman is a quote from Bob Marley, â€Å"â€Å"The greatness of a man is not in how much wealth he acquires, but in his integrity and his ability to affect those around him positively. † This quote is close me because of the work my grandfather did with his business and providing work for those who would most likely not be hired.A great person is someone who does what they feel is right no matter what is thought of them. Bill Gates is what I would consider a â€Å"Man of Magnitude. † I chose Bill Gates as my man of magnitude because of all the things he has done for education, global healthcare, and extreme poverty stricken countries. What I relate to with Bill Gates is that technology has become so relevant in education. In schools that cannot ke ep up with the ever evolving technology, the students will fall behind and not have all the same opportunities that students in more affluent areas may have.Bill and his wife, Melinda, are the founders of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation which gives many grants including the expansion for immunization for children, Improvements in seed and soil for African farmers, and multiple libraries. Greatness: The quality of being great, distinguished, or eminent. According to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation website Fact Page, as of September 2012 there are 19 Grant Commitments throughout the world that total up to more than five billion dollars.Someone who grants that amount of money to people in need is my definition of greatness. Someone who uses their power and wealth is something that I find remarkably great. â€Å"Guided by the belief that every life has equal value† is a quote that is posted on every page of the Gates Foundation website. Only a person with the consider ation for others would commit their money to charity and to help end the extreme poverty. Bill Gates has contributed to the greater good by globally enhancing healthcare by providing more opportunities for immunization children, to educe extreme poverty in African countries, and to expand educational opportunities and access to technology. Bill Gates has also received numerous awards for philanthropic work. (â€Å"Bill Gates†). There have been many inventive entrepreneurs throughout history, but not many of them have applied their wealth to meet the needs of the less fortunate. Bill Gates and his wife Melinda have endowed a foundation with $28. 8 Billion. Through this foundation the Gates couple is able to funnel the enormous profits from Microsoft and other Gates' ventures to help attack global heath and education problems.Bill Gates has targeted AIDS in Africa as one of his major health causes. He is also known for providing large amounts of computer equipment to schools in low income communities to help bring children of impoverished families into the world of technical advance. Bill Gates is a man of magnitude who has contributed to the greater good because he has touched the lives of millions of people through his philanthropic initiatives. Men or Women of magnitude are people of honor, faith, substance. People who will do whatever they can to help those around them.Great people who also have the fortune to be very wealth are people who have even more power and opportunity to do great things for their country, and even many other countries. Great people are noble and kind, and they have compassion for those in need. Great people give their change to the homeless, or buy a candy bar for the Boys Club. Great people are visionaries, that believe in a brighter future. Bill Gates is among those great people. Works Cited â€Å"About the Foundation. † Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. N. p. , 1999. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Bill Gates. † 201 3. The Biography Channel. March 2011. Web. Feb 12 2013.

Asses effects of 2008 Global financal crisis on international business Essay

Asses effects of 2008 Global financal crisis on international business - Essay Example Changing Context After 2008 The context of the global financial crisis began in the year 2006 when the United States experienced a downfall from the real estate market. This accumulated into the lending of banks and other sectors of the economy, all which led to an inflation of prices and the inability for individuals within the economy to continue to pay the same amount of prices because of the economic downturn. The result was a large loss of money that was in the economy and which created difficulties among those that were in the economy. There were several factors that implied that changes needed to be made and which were altered with policies, reforms and different ways of functioning through both policy organizations and those who were involved in lending functions. The context after 2008 led to ways to try to merge back into a functioning economy by changing the macro – economic variables that were associated with the initial crisis (Furceri, Mourougane, 1: 2009). When looking at the context that occurred after 2008, it can be seen that there were several specific changes within the economy that led to the alterations of what was occurring. ... Emerging markets were not as affected; however, those who were a part of the global capital markets noted the first decline since a continuous flow that occurred from the 1980s. This particular crash was as bad as the Great Depression but caused several types of declines because of the complexity that had grown in the economic market. The most affected area was the government with a large amount of increased debt, while the private debt remained flat, making the debt to equity ratio higher and imbalanced. The several occurrences led several to question how to rebalance the economy for the future and to buffer the pressures and declines which could occur within the economy (Roxburgh et al, 7-9: 2009). The changing alternatives in the balances and global market have led to fluctuations that have not only changed the context with certain aspects of the economy but are affecting different institutions. The main institution which has been affected is the government, specifically with a ri se in the deficit by trillions of dollars. There are also changes in the amount of money that is available with sovereign default, which is changing the association with how much can be done to recover within the economy. The changes that are occurring are now not only dependent on an emergence of the economy through the institutions and banks, but also are requiring policy changes that are a part of the economy to provide sustainability. The economic model that is a part of this is one which is creating a change in how policies are approached, specifically because of the credit, assets and amount of deficit that is impacting both the institutions and the basic uncertainties that are within the market (Cuadra, Sapriza, 78: 2008). Alterations in

Apocalyptic SciFi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Apocalyptic SciFi - Essay Example Apocalyptical elements we can find in the prophetical books of Joel and Zecharian and more mature and well-developed apocalypse presented in the book of Iaiah and book of Daniel. So the origin of the apocalyptical genre begins from unfulfilled prophecy and traditional elements drawn in different sources. One more source of apocalyptical fiction was basic mythological and cosmological traditions that open before the seer the secrets of the future no less surely than those of the past. The general object of apocalyptic literature was to solve the difficulties connected with the saintliness of God and the suffering of His righteous servants on earth. The saintliness of God stipulated according to the law the temporal happiness of the righteous and the common prosperity of necessity; for as yet there was no promise of life or recompense beyond the grave. But this feature was not found to obtain as a rule in life, and the difficulties arising from this conflict between perspective and experience centered round the lot of the righteous as a community and the lot of the righteous man as an individual. Old Testament prophecy had addressed itself to both these problems, though it was hardly conscious of the claims of this latter. It concerned itself essentially with the present, and with the future only as growing organically out of the present. Moder Modern variant of apocalyptic literature exists in genre of Science Fiction. Author who writes in the genre of Science Fiction at the same time is close to and far from religion. Every Science Fiction writer tries to be a creator of his own world with its own laws and creatures. Apocalyptic Science Fiction is a branch of Science Fiction that is concerned with the end of whole civilization through the nuclear war, plague or some other general disaster. The nature of catastrophe varies and depends only on author's imagination. In the history there were so unusual disasters and one of them is coming of the darkness described in the story "Nightfall" written by the famous Science Fiction author Isaac Asimov. It is one of his earliest stories and one of the best-known stories. To make sure that "Nightfall" belongs to apocalyptic literature peculiar features of the genre must be identified. Some main aspects such as "the last day of the world", "connection with religion" and "social criticism" that approve this belonging are shown below. Understand the nature of composition helps biography of the author. Speaking about the author Isaac Asimov, he was born on the 2nd of January in 1920, in Petrovichi shtetl, near Smolensk, Russia. His real name was Isaak Judah Ozimov. He was the oldest of three children. His parents were Orthodox Jews. In 1923 Isaac with his parents immigrated to the USA and settled in Brooklyn, New York. There his parents temporarily changed his birthday to September 7, 1919, in order to send him to school a year earlier. Their family name was changed from Ozimov to Asimov. From his early childhood Asimov was an avid reader. He knew Yiddish and English languages and only a few words in Russian. His education began in 1925 in the New York Public School. In 1935 he graduated from high school, in 1939 received a B.S. and in 1941 he earned his M. Sc. in Chemistry from Columbia

Major project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Major project - Research Paper Example Both these organizations advocate rules and policies favoring workers in the US, and play an active political role, mostly favoring the Democratic Party. The recent Economic Crisis of 2008 that shook the economic basis of the US found the Labor Unions a burden. According to some people, the three major automakers of US found it difficult to cope with the changing situations and to compete with their global opponents as a result of the costly labor agreements including pension and health plan. As a result of this poor economic condition, states, especially the ones led by Republican Party like Wisconsin, Ohio, Tennessee, Michigan, and Illinois have introduced bills that would result in salary cuts, and some are planning to restrict the collective bargaining rights the workers enjoyed in the US for about a century. Thus, it becomes evident that the labor unions, despite decades of struggle and violence, seemed to have gained little as the new developments take away most of the freedom they gained over a century. Though polls reveal that most people are against this governmental step, the Democratic Party seems strong in its decision. ... However, it faced eventual collapse due to poor organization. Though there were labor protests even before 1800s, they were poorly coordinated and localized. The first recorded labor union strike took place in 1786 in Philadelphia. It was conducted by printers opposing a wage cut. However, the first major strike that brought the idea of the never ending conflict between workers and business owners was the railway strike in 1877. It was against the Baltimore and Ohio railroad and it spread to the whole of northeast. To curb the violence, troops were called out and using considerable amount of force, the strike was crushed. Throughout their history, the labor unions used ideologies ranging from intimidation, threats, vandalism, and violence, and their history was never peaceful. Another important incident (cited in Foner, 27-37) that deserves to be mentioned is the Haymarket Riot that eventually led to the development of AFL. On 4 May 1886, a labor rally was conducted at the Haymarket Square in Chicago in support of the eight-hour workday. However, the rally turned violent leading to bloody clashes between the agitators and police. The courts had a rough time dealing with the legal status of labor unions. The question was and still is whether these cartels of laborers lawful or not? Do they amount to criminal conspiracies against trade? Are the strikes an expression of the individual right to bargain for lawful employment? One can find a lot of disparity in the issue from the very beginning. To illustrate, as Tomlins (p.128) reports, in the 1806 Commonwealth v. Pullis, the jury convicted the accused unionists of criminal conspiracy. However, as Bennett, Heard and Holland (235) write, in Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842), the Massachusetts

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Compare and contrast - Essay Example This article includes two of the famous speeches delivered by prolific individuals taking part in the debate, highlighting the comparison, context and writers’ overall views on slavery and the country. Abraham Lincoln and James Henry were key figures in the slavery debate and through their contributions that included public speeches on their positions; they made much impact that shaped the direction of the debate. The striking similarity is the importance with which these two gentlemen introduced into the debate that was very important to the American society. Lincoln’s â€Å"Speech in Peoria† deeply expressed slavery issues in a passionate way just as Henry’s â€Å"Letter to English Abolitionists† did. The reader is able to extract the strong character of the two personalities that these gentlemen were from their documents1. However, there are a few contrasting issues that emerge from an analysis of the two documents. On one hand, it appears that Lincoln advocates for the abolition of slavery which defines his historical engagement with the American political scenes. Lincoln delivered his speech in reiteration of the repealing of the Missouri Compromise that was powerful in prohibiting slavery in some parts of the United States2. This powerful document acted as a conflict resolving compromise agreed by the two sides of the debate on slavery in the United States. By delivering the Speech in Peoria, Lincoln was delivering his opinion and that of the antislavery campaigners who obviously stood disadvantaged from the unfortunate repeal decision that meant verification and authentication of slavery (Lincoln Institute, 1). On the other hand, the Letter to English Abolitionists prepared by Henry was delivered at a time when the standoff on slavery was still fresh. Henry contributions, unlike those contained in Lincoln’s speech seemed to favour slavery

Roles of International Financial Institutions Essay

Roles of International Financial Institutions - Essay Example International financial institutions operate under international laws and this regulation applies to their roles. The institutions also operate and dispense their duties with a global focus according to the international laws and policies. The international financial institutions therefore implement international laws and policies. This paper will therefore analyze the roles of international financial institutions and their importance in the management of global risks. The World Bank is the largest and the most common international financial institution. The World Bank offers financial assistance to countries especially the developing countries as its main duty. The institutions mainly targets and finance development projects in the concerned countries with the aim of reducing poverty or assisting the countries to achieve global development goals. The international monetary fund the IMF has roles similar to the roles of the World Bank although the institution specializes in monitorin g global economy. International financial institutions (IFI) deals with global financial matters however, their duties are influenced by global politics. International financial institutions implements global policies and this link them with the global politics. The main duty of the IFI is maintaining economic and financial stability in different countries. Maintaining stable economies is an important part of international development. To play this role the institutions provides deposit and loans facilities to the concerned countries. This effort enables the institutions to actively control and monitor the flow of finances in these countries. These institutions work together with other international organizations such as the UN to carry out their duties. Although these multinational organizations have full control over the international financial institutions, the institutions have their own duties and agenda. Poverty eradication and economic stability of developing countries cannot be achieved without peace and stability in the involved countries and therefore the IFI have maintaining peace and stability in these countries as their secondary objective. The institutions influence the government of the concerned countries by altering their financial capabilities. This is achieved through offering of loan and financial sanctions to the concerned governments. This enables the IFI to control the monetary flow of the involved countries or their financial capabilities. The institutions also target the governments of the involved countries in order to maintain political stability. This enables the institutions to enhance global and regional stability through stable economies. Maintaining stability is an indirect role of the IFI aimed at enhancing global economic stability and development. The maintaining global and regional stability is a method of implementing international humanitarian law that is one of the duties of the institutions. Global financing operations a re financial procedures and analysis. Global financial operations include financial operation procedures such as accounting, strategic planning investment, financial analysis, and compliance (Hirschey, 2009). These procedures are carried out on a global scale and hence global financial operation reference. Global financial institutions have global duties and responsibilities. The institutions are therefore responsible for carrying out the global financial

Business Law and ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law and ethics - Case Study Example Child labour in developing countries The case study was largely centered on child labour in the developing countries and pertaining to this issue, Isecke stated that multinational companies through their strategy of outsourcing some of their business processes have indirectly participated in the use of child labour (43-45). This is because they mainly outsource some of their business processes to developing countries where labour is cheap since less trained workers provide it and even at times, the labour services are provided by child labourers. It is important to note that child labour was abolished worldwide through the enactment of various laws that prohibit using children below the statutory age limit of either 16 or 18 years old as labourers. According to Isecke, among the key international laws that prohibit against the child labour, include the United Nations' convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Princip les and Rights at Work (United Nations 1989) (89-93). The other thoughts of the workers Besides thinking about the notion of being paid to be educated, the Vietnamese children also thought about how their employer was socially responsible. The Vietnamese children linked their employer to a socially responsible company because of the fact that company had an option of laying them off from their respective duties so that they can go back to school as required by the law but instead the company opted to retain them in the payroll as they enroll for a full time program. This was despite the fact that the twelve children used forged documents in order to gain employment in the company. The Vietnamese children’s notion that their employer was socially responsible could have been because of the fact that scholars such as Kotler and Lee argued that companies that are socially responsible normally have a strong commitment to behaving ethically and they participate in economic developm ent whilst improving the livings standards of their workers as well as the surrounding community (23-25). It is correct to assert that the action by the Vietnamese employer was part of corporate social responsibilities since it was aligned towards an ethical practice of not using children below the statutory age limit as labourers. Additionally, the act was also aimed at improving the quality of life for the twelve children who were sponsored with a full-time educational program. This will improve their living quality of life because upon finishing their studies, the children would be entitled to promotions to higher positions and even an increase in their wage rate since they would be having additional qualifications. The other thought that the workers had other than they were being paid to be educated was that the company was creating a shared value, which was described by Kotler and Lee, as a business concept that is built on the premise that competitiveness and the health of the workforce as well as the surrounding community are dependent (67-68). In this regard, the twelve children had the notion that the company was investing in their education with an objective that they would also benefit from their sharpened skills once they finish the two-year education program. This assertion is substantiated by the fact that company, which was sponsoring the twelve childre

Resistance to Change Essay Example for Free

Resistance to Change Essay Introduction – Change Concept Resistance to change is a response given by individuals or groups when they perceive that a change occurring is a threat to them, (â€Å"Resistance to Change†, 2002). Resistance to change from employees can cause the change initiative to fail as a result of not properly implementing the change strategy. Approach – Change Agent In order to implement change effectively in an organization, it is very important for a change agent to know the signs of resistance before developing a plan. Having the knowledge of how employees may respond to change will aid a change agent in developing a strategy to prevent or even reduce the effects of resistance. Resistance to change can best be handled by proposing a meeting with lower-level employees and gaining some insight in regards to their feelings towards the change. In other words, a change agent can direct upper-management to meet with employees to discuss the changes that must be implemented in the organization and why the changes are important. Employees should also know how these changes will affect their day-to-day operations, such as, changes in specific duties/tasks or even schedules. Research Plan The direction in research will be to gain a better understanding as to why an effective strategy to preventing resistance to change can be incorporated in a change agent’s approach. In concluding the document, the reader should be able to notice the signs of resistance, develop a better strategy to prevent or reduce resistance, and implement the change agent’s plan effectively. References 1. Palmer, Ian et al. (2008). Managing Organizational Change, 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions. The course text is the basis for this research paper. It provides all the necessary information to formulate what resistance to change entails. 2. N/A – due to being unsure as to what other references will provide the best or most important information on the topic.

Malnutrition in Older Hospitalised Patients

Malnutrition in Older Hospitalised Patients Malnutrition has significantly increased in the ageing population resulting in a major health problem in the United Kingdom and is a cause and consequence of ill health. This essay will seek to critique three research papers based on Malnutrition in older hospitalised patient. It will include evaluation of strengths, limitations of the research and a reflection on how the researched was undertaken. Evidence has shown that malnutrition cost the National Health Service around thirteen billons a year resulting in one of the highest spend in health care (British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 2009).Dunne (2009) also states that one in five people ranging from 65 and over will be affected by malnutrition by the year 2020. Malnutrition is therefore â€Å"a state in which a deficiency of nutrients such as energy, protein, vitamins, and mineral causes measurable adverse effects on body composition function or clinical outcome† (National Institute for health and Clinical Excellence, 2006). In light of the information above, this had stimulated an interest to conduct a research to analyse what is being done and what can be done to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition in older patient. Whilst out in placement, I witness nutrition fell low on the list of nursing priorities of care, not by choice but nurses have so many tasks to complete in a given day. I observe both nurses and health care assistant struggled to cope during meal times and expressed their frustration on the subject on few occasion. Also looking at it from a professional stand point, malnutrition can affect every system in the body leading patients to become vulnerable to illness. This can lead to complication and in the worst case death, it also increases patient’s length of stay in hospital and readmission of patients to hospital. It is vital that information that is used to address malnutrition is extracted from evidence based sources as this aims to provide care in a suitable and efficient way to patient (Craig Smyth, 2007). I used critical appraisal skills programme to analyse my research paper as this model helped me to ascertain the relevance and importance a particular research topic relates to practice as well as conduct a systematic review of the article .It assess whether the three research paper was worth reading and helped me to make sense of the qualitative information (Cutcliffe Ward, 2007). I obtained my three research paper by using search engine such as CINAHL, INTERNURSE and PUBMED. I searched CINAHL (2007 to 2013), INTERNURSE (2005 to 2013) and PUBMED (2007 to 2013) for articles published in English. The search strategy will be explained in details in the reflection section part of the essay and will be demonstrated in Table 1 and Table 2. Table three comprises of the three research which can be found in the appendix. Reflection is seen as an important aspect of nursing, as it improves the quality of care we give to patient as well as it can enhance practice and greater competence. Ghaye, Gillespie and Lillyman (2000) point out that, reflection is a central part of experiential learning and the improvement of practical knowledge. I have chosen to use Rolfe et al model over John’s model because it gave me a better understanding in comparison with John model. It consists of three simple questions which are what, so what and now what. This helped me to organise my thought process. In the next sections of the essay two tables will be shown to depict my search strategy along with the critical appraisal of the three research paper. SEARCH STRATEGY Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Table 2. Identifying and selecting relevant articles The first research paper was written by Angela Dickinson, Carol Welch, Laurie Ager, entitled No longer hungry in hospital: Improving the hospital mealtime experience for older people through action research, published in the year 2007. The title reflected the content of the research and was clear, specific and concise. It seeks to draw the reader attention to the exact area of study conducted. Marshall (2005) states that a research article should accurately and succinctly reflect the content of the work allowing the reader to be stimulated by the content. This is important as a title that is long and ambiguous can lead to misunderstanding and somewhat misleading. The abstract was excellent, in that it was succinct, containing no jargon and clearly written in a coherent manner that gave a satisfactory overview of the study. It was able to stand on its own as it includes brief summary of the Aims and objectives of the research, the background surrounding the study, the methods used, results collated, the conclusion and the relevance to clinical practice. Paratoo, (2006) points out that the information provided in an abstracts should aids readers to decide whether to obtain the entire article or not. Although evidence shown that ethical approval was granted, no mention of consent of the subjects taken part in the research as in accordance with the Nursing and midwifery council code of professional conduct (2008) which states that consent should be obtained before undertaking any task. Also the authors stipulated that they were unaware of other studies available that addresses meal time care in the way they have carried out the research. A more thorough search could have been conducted to rule out this assumption as this research paper might just be adding to knowledge and understanding already available or it could have been compared and contrasted to better understand the issue or to establish new truths The second research paper was written by Heaven, B, Bamford, C, May, C and Moynihan P entitled Food work and feeding assistance on hospital ward and published in the year 2012. The Authors gave a timely overview into the prevalence of malnutrition in the introduction extracted from reputable sources and demonstrate a good critiquing ability by identifying a gap in a previous related study of which they concluded that little is recounted on the practicalities of the provision of food in hospital and how feeding assistance is seen alongside other nursing priorities which lead them to justified their rationale for undertaking the research. Wigen (2003) states that an introduction should illuminate the rational for the research and highlight any previous research that was conducted on the similar topic. The Authors used a qualitative paradigm research that made it straight forward to follow and was applicable for the intended research. Methods such as interview and focus group was utilised to investigate malnutrition in older hospitalised patient. They provide evidences illustrating that interviews, allowed them to get close to their subject to glean information and to clarify questions that were not fully understand. The focus group they find helped them create an atmosphere where discussion and brain storming can occur to establish the problems surrounding malnutrition in older hospitalised patient and finding measures that can help to resolve the problem. Ellis (2010) suggests that the relationship between the researcher and the researched is part of the research process and is essential to gain the insider perspective that qualitative research seeks to pursue. In addition qualitative research is more suited for nursing as it can focus more on the care a patient receive as well a s their experiences (Jolley , 2010). The author took ethical issues into consideration as appropriate measures were put in place to obtain consent and prevent physical harm, hunger, discomfort or psychological suffering by not carrying out observation on feeding assistance. Ellis, 2010 highlights that ethics should saturate all that nurses do in the delivery of health and social care. However the implication of using method such as interviews can sometimes be hard to replicate as people tend to give their views, attitude, ideals ,pre-existing ideas and their beliefs which does not necessary explains the point to why malnutrition does occur (Ellis, 2010). In addition, they can be take up vast amount of time and can be expensive (Jolley, 2010). The third research paper was written by Vanderwee, K, Clays, E, Bocquaert, I, Verhaeghe, S, Lardennois, M, Gobert, M and Defloor, T, entitled Malnutrition and Nutrition care practices in hospital wards for older people, published in the year 2010. This research was conducted in a hospital ward for older people in Belgium. Although the research was not conducted in the UK, this paper gave insights that suggest that malnutrition in older hospitalised patient is not only a reoccurring problem in the UK but a wide spread problem. The sample selection process was adequately described, stating the intended process of the research by using precision in information provided such as, the time period the research was carried out, the age restriction of patient involved in the research process. Consent was also obtained and adhered as specified by the Department of health (2009) which states that consent must be given unless stated or proven otherwise that they do not have the mental capacity to do so. The authors did an exceptional job in the discussion by highlighting information that was already known about the topic extracted from a wide range of credible evidence based sources that support the importance of nutrition. It contains the findings of the research which identify a balance argument into the meaning of the result and provide recommendation that was developed from the finding. Lastly, it highlights some thought-provoking lines of enquiry for future studies to be undertaken to tackle the problem and to extend knowledge of malnutrition in older hospitalised patient. . The limitation of this study indicates that the authors use a cross sectional study where all information of nutrition status and nutritional care practices of the ward was collated at the same time. Hence, no casual connection could be identified and patients and health care professionals could not express their views on malnutrition, leading to results that could not be quantified. (ref give reason as to why quantitative study)The author or researcher could have carried out a longitudinal study to research and analyse the impact that malnutrition has on older hospitalised patient .Ref (back up the benefits of longitudinal study) . Collectively, these three research paper provide concrete evidence on the prevalence of Malnutrition and the dire consequent it has on the aging population and Health Service. They mention the benefits that can be derived from the prevention of malnutrition and practical steps that need to put in place to help tack malnutrition extracted from NICE guidelines (2006). A general consensus among the authors of the respective paper that for true progress to be achieve in preventing malnutrition all health professional needs to understands the pervasiveness of malnutrition in hospital and the effect patient nutrition care may have on whole clinical outcome. Lastly they conclude that nutrition intervention greatly improved clinical outcome and reduce cost of care, predominantly in patient 65 years of age and above and challenge health care professional to address the barriers and change the paradigm of nutrition care. However, authors from one of the research paper went as far as to say that health professional have often failed to prioritise understanding the enormity of malnutrition in their respective hospital and the impact on cost and quality of care and was backed up by the Bapen ,2009 ) that states that nurses are at time removes from the task of assisting patient at meal time and has been delegated to less qualified staff which further strengthen the notion that mealtime care is unskilled and not important. My first challenge in conducting a research was to identify a topic or area of interest. This was obtained by looking at websites such as Royal College of Nursing, talking with my lecturers, students and staffs on placement as well as reflecting on issues that I was personally interested in. After Collating all the information, I sift through interests, experiences and ideas that had been discussed eventually leading me to conduct a research on Malnutrition and consolidated by the use of the Rolfe et al reflective model. I undertake my research by using a selection of different sources such as Cinahl, internurse, PubMed, Cochrane library but instantaneously found out using these data base on their own can produce a wide variety of information. The search strategies was very instrumental as it helped me to effectively narrow my search down to a manageable number and furthermore it was less time consuming .The search strategy includes Boolean operator, key words that encapsulate malnutrition , peer reviewed and limiters of inclusion and exclusion outline in table 1 and table 2 . For example, when I type malnutrition into Cinahl without using the search strategy I obtained an exhaustive result of 6461. I did another search this time with a more specific aim and objective of a topic and the usage of the different search strategy which includes peer reviewed article , date restrictions (2007- 2013) which eliminate old article , key words (malnutrition and nutrition, hospital and older people) this refined my search down to 11 papers. My aim is to obtained three paper for my research ,so I read through the abstract eliminating paper that had no relevance to my chosen topic . I also found that the Abstract was a good indicator to identify relevant keywords to help with my search. I was now short of one paper so I check the Cochrane library which did not produce any relevant article followed by PubMed which produced 112389 at first. I included my search strategy using key words such as malnutrition, older people, hospital, feeding and a time period of 5 years, this further reduced my number down to 10 hits .I also examine the abstract with a critical eye and scan through literature to find the appropriate research articles. Although I did not use wild card and truncation I know the importance of their uses and I am quite positive they will come in handy in the future. Part of the aim of this assignment was to gain information and understanding of malnutrition in older hospitalised patient by examining the evidence that is already available and seek to find new knowledge on what can be done to reduce malnutrition among the target group. This has put me in good stead as I have gain tremendous amount of insight into the evidence I found from the three research article as well information glean from books and journals that can be applied into practice. For example It was interesting to read nutrition now 2007, who took on a proactive approach in dealing with malnutrition by educating all members of the multidisplinary team to better understand the primacy of good nutritional care and the pivotal role they play in providing it and also implementing ways to work effectively as a team to eliminate the problem of malnutrition. Age concern (2006) also implemented seven steps to end the scandal of malnutrition in hospital, evidence was also shown how variou s hospital took on the initiative, saw a significant improvement in their quest to reduce malnutrition in their hospitals. The ultimate key is to systematically recognise patients who are malnourished or at risk and quickly intervene (Dunne, 2009) The implication of the research papers showed that although research had been carried out and the accessibility of validated screening tools malnutrition still continues to go unnoticed and untreated in many older hospitalised patients (Bapen, 2009). As a student nurse it is important that refection is part of my daily routine as this can enhance my effectiveness as an individual that enhances the quality of care I give to patient. I identify that malnutrition is every one responsibility and requires the collaboration of a multidisplinary team to leverage success in tackling malnutrition and that preventing malnutrition is a pivotal role in my nursing practice Undertaking this assignment I was able to identify my shortfall and limitation and has taught me effectively ways to conduct a search and access academically evidence based resources. This illustrated to me the importance of not taking information at face value but adhering to the correct procedure to obtain articles and examining articles with a critical and analytical mind to decide the credibility of the article. As the profession Nursing, cannot agree to any research at face value and need to be able to ascertain strengths and limitations of the research when evaluating the information available on the research topic (Ryan et al 2007). Conclusion To above information has demonstrated APPENDIX Table 3 Research studies critically appraised REFERENCES